汽車排放的尾氣和其他影響空氣質(zhì)量的化學物質(zhì)造成更多的預死亡因素,一份報告的數(shù)據(jù)表示就美國每年有5.8萬例這樣的情況出現(xiàn)。因大眾公司的丑聞出現(xiàn),加劇了市場對這一事情的關注。
A scandal in the motor industry
汽車工業(yè)的丑聞
Dirty secrets
骯臟的秘密
Volkswagen's falsification of pollution tests opens the door to a very different car industry
大眾在污染檢測中的造假行為打開了通向一個截然不同的汽車工業(yè)的大門
EMISSIONS of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and other nasties from cars' and lorries' exhausts cause large numbers of early deaths—perhaps 58,000 a year in America alone, one study suggests. So the scandal that has engulfed Volkswagen (VW) this week is no minor misdemeanour or victimless crime. The German carmaker has admitted that it installed software on 11m of its diesel cars worldwide, which allowed them to pass America's stringent NOx-emissions tests. But once the cars were out of the laboratory the software deactivated their emission controls, and they began to spew out fumes at up to 40 times the permitted level. The damage to VW itself is immense. But the events of this week will affect other carmakers, other countries and the future of diesel itself.
來自車輛尾氣的氮氧化物和其他骯臟之物的尾氣排放造成了大量的提前死亡——一份報告顯示,僅美國一國,每年可能達到58000例。因此,本周讓大眾公司深陷困境的丑聞既非無關緊要的輕罪,也不是無受害人罪行。這家德國汽車廠商已經(jīng)承認,在全世界范圍內(nèi)的1100萬輛柴油車上安裝了允許車輛通過美國嚴格的氮氧化物排放檢測的軟件。但是,一俟這些車輛出了實驗室,這種軟件就停用了其控派功能,開始以超過允許水平40倍的速度排放廢氣。對于大眾公司來說,打擊是巨大的。但是,本周的這些事件將影響其他汽車廠商、其他國家和柴油車自身的未來。
Winterkorn is going
文德恩辭職
VW first. Its chief executive, Martin Winterkorn, has resigned, and the company is setting aside €6.5 billion ($7.3 billion) to cover the coming financial hit. But investors fear worse: in the first four trading days since the scandal broke on September 18th, VW's shares fell by one-third, cutting its value by €26 billion. Once all the fines, compensation claims, lawsuits and recall costs have been added up, this debacle could be to the German carmaking giant what Deepwater Horizon was to BP. At least BP's oil-drilling disaster was an accident; this was deliberate. America's Department of Justice is quite right to open a criminal investigation into the company. Other countries should follow South Korea and probe what VW has been up to on their patch. Though few Chinese motorists buy diesel cars, the scandal may prompt its government to tackle the firm for overstating fuel-economy figures for petrol engines.
先說大眾。首席執(zhí)行官馬丁·文德恩(馬丁·文德恩)已經(jīng)辭職,公司將預留出65億歐元(合73億美元)以覆蓋今后的財政損失。但是,投資者擔心的是更壞的情況:在丑聞于9月18日爆發(fā)后的前四個交易日中,大眾股票下跌了三分之一,使其市值減少了260億美元。一旦全部的罰款、索賠請求、官司和召回等方面的成本被加在一起,這場災難之于這家德國汽車業(yè)巨頭可能如同深水地平線之于英國石油。英國石油的鉆探災難起碼是一場事故,這件丑聞卻是有意為之。美國司法部對其展開刑事調(diào)查是非常正確的。其他國家應當效仿韓國并對大眾迄今為之的隱瞞行為展開調(diào)查。盡管只有少數(shù)的中國車主購買了柴油車,但是,這件丑聞可能促使該國政府嚴懲企業(yè)在汽油發(fā)動機節(jié)油數(shù)字方面的夸大行為。
Whether or not Mr Winterkorn bore any personal responsibility for the scandal, it was appropriate that he should lose his job over it. He is an engineer who is famous for his attention to detail; if he didn't know about the deceptive software, he should have. Selling large numbers of “Clean Diesels” was central to VW's scheme for cracking the American market, a weak spot, which in turn was a vital part of the plan to overtake Toyota of Japan as the world's largest carmaker. The grand strategy that Mr Winterkorn had overseen now lies in ruins.
不管文德恩是否對這一丑聞負有個人責任,他應當為此而丟掉工作是適當?shù)。他是一位因為注重細?jié)而出名的工程師;如果他之前不了解這種欺騙性的軟件,后來也應該知道。銷售大量“清潔柴油車”是大眾公司敲開疲軟的美國市場的計劃的核心,而這個計劃又是超越日本豐田公司成為世界最大車企計劃的一個關鍵部分。如今,文德恩曾經(jīng)監(jiān)督的這個宏大戰(zhàn)略已經(jīng)徹底完蛋了。
A change at the top, and a hefty fine, must not be the end of the matter. America's prosecutors ought to honour their promise to go after the individuals responsible for corporate crimes, instead of just punishing companies' shareholders by levying big fines. Most of the recent banking scandals have ended not in the courtroom, but in opaque settlements and large fines. Earlier this month the Department of Justice announced a $900m settlement with GM, America's largest carmaker, for failing to recall cars with an ignition-switch defect blamed for crashes which killed at least 124 people and injured 275. Prosecutors said (unnamed) managers at GM had knowingly ignored the potentially deadly effects of the fault, and put profit before safety. Yet they announced no charges.
高層變更、天價罰款絕對不能成為這件事的終點。美國檢察官應當信守承諾,追查對企業(yè)犯罪負有責任的個人,而不是僅僅通過課以巨額罰款的方式來懲罰企業(yè)的股東。近年來的大多數(shù)銀行丑聞都沒有在法庭上了結(jié),而是以不透明的和解和巨額罰款收場。本月早些時候,美國司法部宣布了一項與美國通用汽車的價值9億美元的和解。此前,這家美國最大的汽車廠商因為沒有召回對造成至少124人死亡、275人受傷的撞車事故負有責任的點火缺陷的車輛而被起訴。(匿名)檢察官稱,通用汽車的工程師曾經(jīng)有意地忽視了這個錯誤的潛在致命效應,并且把盈利置于安全之前。但是,他們宣布沒有任何[針對個人的]指控。
That has to change—and the authorities know it. In a speech this month, America's deputy attorney-general, Sally Yates, said that from now on, fining businesses would take second place to pursuing criminal and civil charges against individuals. An accused firm will no longer get credit for co-operating with investigations (as VW says it will) unless it gives the feds the names of every manager or employee involved in wrongdoing, and seeks to gather and submit evidence of their personal responsibility. VW is a test of this new approach. But to avoid suspicions of being tougher on foreign firms—as were raised in the BP Deepwater case and in recent banking settlements—the American authorities should also prosecute culpable GM managers.
這種情況必須改變——當局也深知這一點。在本月的一次演講中,美國副檢察長薩莉·耶茨曾指出,從現(xiàn)在起,對企業(yè)罰款的做法將會排在尋求針對個人的刑事和民事指控之后。受指控的企業(yè)將不再能夠得到調(diào)查合作的授信,(正如耶茨所稱)除非企業(yè)將違法行為所涉及的每一位工程師或者雇員的姓名交給聯(lián)邦政府,同時還要設法收集并提交個人責任的證據(jù)。大眾公司是這個新政策的一塊試金石。但是,為了避免對外國公司更加苛刻的嫌疑——正如在深水地平線案件和近年來的銀行和解案中被提出來的那樣——美國當局還應當起訴通用公司的有罪工程師。
Yet the biggest effects of the scandal will be felt across the Atlantic. VW's skulduggery raises the question of whether other carmakers have been up to similar tricks, either to meet Europe's laxer standards on NOx emissions or its comparable ones on fuel economy—and hence on emissions of carbon dioxide. BMW and Mercedes, VW's two main German peers, rushed to insist that they had not. However, in Europe, emissions-testing is a farce. The carmakers commission their own tests, and regulators let them indulge in all sorts of shenanigans, such as removing wing mirrors during testing, and taping up the cracks around doors and windows, to reduce drag and thus make the cars burn less fuel. Regulators also tolerate software a bit like VW's, that spots when a car is being tested and switches the engine into “economy” mode. This is why the fuel efficiency European motorists achieve on the road is around 40% short of carmakers’ promises.
然而,這件丑聞的最大影響將在大西洋彼岸被感覺到。大眾的造假行為提出了其他車企是否也曾經(jīng)為達到歐洲在氮氧化物排放方面或是在節(jié)油方面的可比標準——以及二氧化碳排放方面的——更為嚴格的標準而使用了同樣的伎倆。大眾公司在德國的兩家主要對手——寶馬公司和梅賽德斯公司已經(jīng)做出了緊急回應,堅稱自己沒有這種行為。但是,在歐洲,排放測試是一場鬧劇。車企能夠自行測試,而且監(jiān)管者還允許它們沉迷于各種欺騙行為。例如,在測試過程中去除后視鏡或是將車門和車窗周圍的裂縫錄制下來的行為,這些行為都是為了減少拖拉,從而讓車輛少燒油。監(jiān)管者還對類似于大眾公司所使用的軟件采取了容忍的態(tài)度。這些軟件能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)車輛正在接受檢測,然后就將發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)換“節(jié)省”模式。這就是為什么歐洲車主在駕駛中所得到的節(jié)油性能比車企所承諾的低40%左右的原因。
At least America's regulators, unlike Europe's, sometimes stage their own tests to verify the manufacturers’ findings. But it is time this whole system was swept away and replaced, everywhere, with fully independent testing of cars in realistic driving conditions. Now, with outrage at VW's behaviour at its height, is the moment to act. That would mean overcoming the objections of carmakers. But it also requires European regulators to change their attitudes to diesel, which accounts for half of cars sold on the continent. Diesel vehicles can be very economical on fuel (and thus emit relatively little carbon dioxide) but often at the cost of increased NOx emissions. That trade-off has been decided in diesel's favour by Europe's lousy testing regime and more lenient NOx-emissions standards.
至少美國監(jiān)管者在這一方面是不同于歐洲同行的,他們時常親自上陣進行測試,以驗證廠商的發(fā)現(xiàn)。但是,該是整個體系被完全獨立的車輛處于現(xiàn)實駕駛環(huán)境中的測試取而代之的時候了?紤]到對于大眾行為的憤怒正處高潮,現(xiàn)在就是行動的好時機。這會意味著克服汽車廠商的反對。但是,這也需要歐洲監(jiān)管者改變他們對于占整個大陸半數(shù)銷量的柴油車的態(tài)度。柴油車能夠在燃油方面做到非常節(jié)省(因而其排放的二氧化碳也相對較少),但是這經(jīng)常是以要氮氧化物排放的增加為代價的。兩者之間的取舍決定,始終因為歐洲差勁的測試機構和更加寬松的氮氧化物排放標準而有利于柴油車
See no diesel
看不到柴油車
Even if other makers of diesel vehicles have not resorted to the same level of deception as VW, the scandal could mean that these cars struggle to meet standards applied rigorously to both types of emission. Some fear that this may be the “death of diesel”. So be it. There is still scope to improve the venerable petrol engine; and to switch to cleaner cars that run on methane, hydrogen and electricity, or are hybrids. A multi-billion-dollar race is already under way between these various technologies, with makers often betting on several of them as the way to meet emissions targets. If VW's behaviour hastens diesel's death, it may lead at last, after so many false starts, to the beginning of the electric-car age.
即便其他的柴油車制造廠商沒有墮落到與大眾公司一樣水平的欺騙,這件丑聞仍可能意味著,這些柴油車難以滿足被嚴格應用于兩種排放方式的標準。有人擔心,這可能成為“柴油車的末日”。那就讓它成為柴油車的末日吧。但是,仍油余地去改善備受推崇的汽油發(fā)動機;仍有余地去轉(zhuǎn)向燃燒甲烷、氫氣和電力的更加清潔的汽車,即混合動力車。一場投入達到上千億美元的競賽早已在上述這些技術名下展開。其具體的表現(xiàn)就是,車企經(jīng)常把自己的身家性命都壓在了把其中的幾項技術作為是滿足排放標準的方式上面。如果說大眾公司的行為加速了柴油車的死亡,在經(jīng)歷了多次的失敗開始后,它最終有可能帶來電動汽車時代的開始。
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